Research Centers, Training Programs & Published Articles
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Ongoing academic and clinical research into the welfare military veterans and military families can be found in a variety of peer-reviewed academic journals, along with proprietary publications by charities, government departments, universities, and research organizations.

 

Research Centers:

 

University of Texas at Austin

• The Institute for Military and Veteran Family Wellness 

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Purdue University

• The Military Family Research Institute 

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Kansas State University

• Institute for the Health and Security of Military Families 

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Syracuse University

• D'Aniello Institute for Veterans and Military Families 

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University of Southern California

• Center for Innovation and Research on Veterans and Military Families 

 

Penn State University

• Clearinghouse for Military Family Readiness

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Training Courses & Modules:

 

ATrain Education

• Cultural Competency in Veteran Services, Mental Health Services, and for Older Adults

 

Center for Deployment Psychology

• Military Culture Course Modules

 

Home Base - MA / Red Sox

• Research Publications and The Training Institute at Home Base

 

Massachusetts Executive Office of Health and Human Services (EOHHS)

• Military Culture and Behavioral Health Care for Veterans

 

OneOp- Readiness. Knowledge. Network.

• Self-Paced Courses

• Military Culture: A Guide for Extension Professionals

 

Professional Education Systems Institute (PESI)

• Veteran and Military Mental Health Certification Course: Culturally Competent Treatment for Trauma, Moral Injury, Substance Abuse, Suicidality, and More

 

PsychArmor

• Services for Organizations

• Explore PsychArmor’s Free Online Course Library

• Psycharmor Collections- Military Culture

• Healthcare Professional Continuing Education Credits

 

Star Behavioral Health Providers

• Trainings

 

Veteran's Health Administration (VHA)

• Online Course List | Education by the VHA | AMA Ed Hub

• Military Culture: Core Competencies for Health Care Professionals Stressors and Resources

• WRIISC-HOME: Military Exposures and Care: Enhancing Military Culture Competence to Optimize Veteran-Centered Care

• Continuing Education - PTSD: National Center for PTSD

• Provider Education Overview - War Related Illness and Injury Study Center

• Military Environmental Exposures Certifications | ACPM

 

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Academic Articles:

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​The following comprehensive set of published academic articles features advocacy for cultural competence as well as in-depth studies on specific conditions mentioned in our Reference Library:

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Military Cultural Competence & Responsiveness

 

​Academic Medicine- Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges

• Developing Military Cultural Competency in Health Care Providers

• Honoring Those Who Have Served: How Can Health Professionals Provide Optimal Care for Members of the Military, Veterans, and Their Families?

 

Academic Psychiatry

• Assessment of Military Cultural Competence: A Pilot Study

 

American Journal of Psychiatry Residents' Journal 

• Military Culture: Working With Veterans

 

BJPsych Open | Royal College of Psychiatrists

• Military culture and collaborative decision-making in mental healthcare: cultural, communication and policy considerations

 

College of Nursing and Professional Disciplines, University of North Dakota

• Promoting Military Cultural Competence among Civilian Care Providers: Learning through Program Development

 

Home Healthcare Now Journal

• Civilian Nurses' Knowledge, Confidence, and Comfort Caring for Military Veterans: Survey Results of a Mixed-Methods Study

 

Journal of Community Engagement and Scholarship (JCES)

• Teaching Military Cultural Competency to Clinicians and Clinical Students: Assessing Impact and Effectiveness

 

Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing

• An Exploration of Civilian Nurses' Knowledge of the Military Culture

 

Journal of Emergency Nursing

• The Importance of Developing Military Cultural Competence

 

Journal of Military Social Work and Behavioral Health Services

• Evaluation of a Military Informed Care Training with Private Sector Healthcare Providers

• “We Don't Complain About Little Things”: Views of Veterans and Military Family Members on Health Care Gaps and Needs

 

Journal of Veterans Studies

• Military Culture and Post-Military Transitioning Among Veterans: A Qualitative Analysis

 

Nurse Education Today

• Educating Nurses To Care for Military Veterans in Civilian Hospitals: An Integrated Literature Review

 

Psychiatry.org

• Veterans Benefit from Culturally Competent Care

 

RAND

• Supporting Veterans in Massachusetts: An Assessment of Needs, Well-Being, and Available Resources

• Understanding Veterans in New York: A Needs Assessment of Veterans Recently Separated from the Military

• How Private Health Care Providers Could Better Serve Veterans

• Recommended Standards for Delivering High-Quality Care to Veterans with Invisible Wounds

• Ready to Serve: Community-Based Provider Capacity to Deliver Culturally Competent, Quality Mental Health Care to Veterans and Their Families

 

Social Work in Health Care

• No One Leaves Unchanged: Insights for Civilian Mental Health Care Professionals Into the Article: Military Experience and Culture

 

University of Denver, Graduate School of Professional Psychology

• A Parametric Description of Modern Military Culture for Civilian Mental Health Practitioners to Better Serve Those Who Serve

 

University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work 

• The Southern California Veterans Study

• Drivers of Veterans’ Healthcare Choices and Experiences with Veterans Affairs and Civilian Healthcare

 

U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs 

• Understanding Military Culture: A Primer in Cultural Competence Working with Military Members and Families

 

Specific Veteran Healthcare Topics

 

American Addiction Centers

• Stigma Impacts Substance Abuse and Mental Health Care in Veterans

 

Family Practice, Volume 36, Issue 3, June 2019, Pages 343–350

• Caring for veterans in US civilian primary care: qualitative interviews with primary care providers about barriers to care

 

Journal of Military Social Work and Behavioral Health Services

• Treating Behavioral Health Conditions of OEF/OIF Veterans and Their Families: A State Needs Assessment of Civilian Providers

• Evaluating Moral Injury in Combat-Deployed and Non-Combat Military Personnel

 

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

• Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans

 

Nurse Education Today

• Understanding Why Veterans are Reluctant to Access Help for Alcohol Problems: Considerations for Nurse Education

 

STAT News

• Unseen battles: The Harsh Realities of Veterans' Access to Healthcare

 

The Watson Institute, The Frederick S. Pardee Center for the Study of the Longer-Range Future 

• High Suicide Rates Among United States Service Members and Veterans of the Post- 9/11 Wars

 

University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work 

• Paradoxes and Dilemmas Encountered With Reintegrating Combat Veterans and the Agencies That Support Them

 

U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs

• 2024 National Veteran Suicide Prevention Annual Report Part 1 / Part 2

• Combat Exposure and Suicide Risk

• Military Sexual Trauma – A Risk Factor for Suicide

• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Suicide Risk Among Veterans: A Literature Review

• Readjustment and Social Support Needed for Veterans Transitioning From Military Service

 

Military Family Concerns

 

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

• Treating Military Service Members and Veterans in the Private Sector: Information and Resources for Clinicians*

• Treating Military Spouses in the Private Sector: Resources for Health Care Providers*

• Treating Military-Connected Children in the Civilian Sector: Information and Resources for Health Care Providers*

*- these articles feature reference lists for further reading

 

Children & Schools, Volume 36, Issue 1, January 2014, Pages 60–63

• “Us” as the United States: Sparking Community-based Solutions for Supporting Military-connected Children and Their Families

 

West Point Parents Club of St Louis Area

• The Emotional Cycle of Deployment: A Military Family Perspective 

 

Moral Injury (alpha by author)

 

Allen, J.G. (2001). Traumatic Relationships and Serious Mental Disorders. John Wiley.

 

Amos, A.K. & Epstein, E. (2022). Moral Distress Interventions: An integrative literature review. Nursing Ethics, 29(3), 582-607.

 

Basham, K. (2020). Combat Trauma. In S. Ringel & J. R. Brandell (Eds.), Trauma: Contemporary directions in trauma theory, research, and practice (2nd ed., pp. 274–311). Columbia University Press

 

Begicevic, A. (2023). Bosnian Voices from the Bottom of the Well: Genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity and victims’ right to remedies. International Review of Victimology, 29(1), 75-105. 

 

Bernhofer, E.I. (2023). Attending to the Moral Meaning of Pain. Pain Management Nursing: Official Journal of the American Society of Pain Management Nurses.

 

Bernstein, E. M., & Putnam, F. W. (1986). Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 174(12), 727–735.

 

Bernstein, J. M. (2006). Suffering Injustice: Misrecognition as Moral Injury in Critical Theory. International Journal of Philosophical Studies, 13(3), 303-324.

 

Bride, B.E. (2025). Secondary Trauma Impact Scale: Development and Initial Validation. Social Work Research, 49 (1), 35-43.

 

Carlson, E. B., & Putnam, F. W. (1993). An Update on the Dissociative Experiences Scale. Dissociation: Progress in the Dissociative Disorders, 6, 16–27.

 

Jameton, A. (1984). Nursing Practice: The Ethical Issues. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

 

Koening, H. G., Youssef, N. A., Amers, D., Oliver, J. P., Teng, E. J., Haynes, K.,... Pearce, M. (2018).  Moral Injury and Religiosity in US Veterans with PTSD Symptoms. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 206(5), 325-331. 

 

Lewis, H. B. (1971). Shame and Guilt in Neurosis. International Universities Press.

 

Litz, B., Stein, N., Delaney, E., … Maguen, S. (2009). Moral Injury and Moral Repair in War Veterans: A preliminary model and intervention strategy. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(8), 695-706. 

 

Litz, B.T., Plouffe, R.A., Nazarov, A., Murphy, D., Phelps, A., Coady, Alanna…Levi-Belz, Y., (2022). Defining and Assessing the Syndrome of Moral Injury: Initial Findings of the Moral Injury Outcome Scale Consortium. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 22, 1-16. 

 

McAninch, A. (2016). Moral Distress, Moral Injury, and Moral Luck. American Journal of Bioethics, 16(12), 29-31. 

 

Meagher, R. (2014). Killing from the inside out: Moral injury and Just War. Cascade Books.

 

Nash, W. P. (2007). Combat/Operational Stress Adaptations and Injuries.; The Stressors of War. In C. R. Figley & W. P. Nash (Eds.), Combat stress injury: Theory, Research and Management. Routledge.

 

Nash, W. P., Vasterling, J., Ewing-Cobbs, L., Horn, S., Gaskin, T., Golden, J., ... Baker, D. G. (2010). Consensus Recommendations for Common Data Elements for Operational Stress Research and Surveillance: Report of a Federal Interagency Working Group. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 91(11), 1673-1683.

 

Nash, W. P., & Litz, B. T. (2013). Moral Injury: A Mechanism for War-Related Psychological Trauma in Military Family Members. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 16(4), 365-375. 

 

Nash, W. P., Marino, T. L., Mills, M. A., Au, T., Goldsmith, A., & Litz, B. T. (2013). Psychometric Evaluation of the Moral Injury Events Scale. Military Medicine, 178(6), 646-652. 

 

Nieuwsma, J. A., Brancu, M., Wortmann, J., Smigelsky, M. A., King, H. A., & Meador, K. G. (2021). Screening for Moral Injury and Comparatively Evaluating Moral Injury Measures in Relation to Mental Illness Symptomatology and Diagnosis. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 28(1), 239–250.

 

Norman, S. B., Griffin, B. J., Pietrzak, R. H., McLean, C., Hamblen, J. L., & Maguen, S. (2023). The Moral Injury and Distress Scale: Psychometric Evaluation and Initial Validation in Three High-risk Populations. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. 

 

Rasmussen, Brian (2020). The Effects of Trauma Treatment on the Therapist. In J.Ringel & RJ.R Brandell (Eds.) Trauma: Contemporary Directions in Trauma Theory, Research, and Practice. (2nd ed.). 354-383. Columbia University Press.

 

Shay, J. (1994). Achilles in Vietnam: Combat Trauma and the Undoing of Character. Scribner.

 

Sloan, D. M., & Marx, B. P. (2025). Written Exposure Therapy for PTSD: A Brief Treatment Approach for Mental Health Professionals.

 

Smith, P., Ehlers, A., Carr, E., … Meiser, S. R. (2025). Early‐stage Randomised Controlled Trial of Therapist‐supported Online Cognitive Therapy for Post‐traumatic Stress Disorder in Young People. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 

 

Sullivan, M. (2013). Sickness of the heart: Moral injury in Veterans of the Iraq War.

 

Thompson-Hollands, J., Lunney, C. A., Sloan, D. M., Wiltsey Stirman, S., & Schnurr, P. P. (2023). Treatment length and symptom improvement in prolonged exposure and present-centered therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder... Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 91(10), 596–605.

 

Wasserman, E. A.,… Young, L. (2017). Illuminating the Conceptual Structure of the Space of Moral Violations with Searchlight Representational Similarity Analysis. NeuroImage, 159, 371–387. 

 

Wiinikka-Lydon, J. (2022). Critiquing the Subject of Moral Injury. Journal of Military Ethics, 21(1), 39-55.

 

Wilson, A. M., Simmons, A., Harris, J. I., Thomas, S., Shay, A., Usset, T. J., Cook, W., Bevington, D., Hurley, A. C., and Epstein, E. (2022). Adaptation and Testing of a Military Version of the Measure of Moral Distress for Healthcare Professionals. American Journal of Critical Care, 31(5), 392-401. 

 

Yarvis, J., Joon, A., Arneuke, M., Simien-Turner, S. & Landes. G. (2012). Assessment of PTSD in older veterans: The PTSD Checklist Military Version. Military Social Work, 13 (1).

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